This section assembles articles focusing on African cinema and African film festivals and their place within the international film festival circuit. The publications here focus on the two oldest film festivals on the African continent: Les Journées Cinématographiques de Carthage (JCC) / Carthage Film Festival and Festival Panafricain du Cinéma et de la Télévision de Ouagadougou (FESPACO). These two festivals, both taking place biannually in alternating years, have showcased and promoted African film regionally and internationally. This seemingly positive outcome, however, also has a drawback for the African film market which lacks an infrastructure, argues Manthia Diawara (1993). With the raised profile of African cinema, the marketing of these films became the dominant purpose of the larger (i.e. mostly Western) festival system. With better connections to established (Western) film markets, festivals for or (among others) featuring African film in Europe or North America become more important for filmmakers, as an infrastructure of film production and distribution has failed to establish itself at home in Africa. This, in turn, leaves the former spokes-festivals for African film, Carthage and Ouagadougou, in the dilemma of not being able to feature prestigious new African productions (Diawara 1993, 1994; Ruoff 2008; cf. Turan 2002: chapter on FESPACO, pp. 65-80, section 1).
Bâ, Saër Maty (2010). “Affective Power/Formal Knowledge: Diaspora, African Cinema, and the Film Festivals outside Africa.” Film International 8:5 (#47) (2010): 54–69.
Bachmann, Gideon (1973). “In Search of Self-Definition: Arab and African Film at the Carthage Film Festival (Tunis).” Film Quarterly 26: 3 (Spring 1973): 48–51.
Bangré, Sambolgo (1994). “Le Cinéma Africain dans la Tempête des Petits Festivals” | “African Cinema in the Tempest of Minor Festivals.” (bilingual) Ecrans d’Afrique 7 (1994): 50–58. <http://www.africultures.com/revue_africultures/articles/ecrans_afrique/7/7_46.pdf>. (4 Nov. 2009)
Bikales, Thomas J. (1997). “From ‘Culture’ to ‘Commercialization’: The Production and Packaging of an African Cinema in Ougadougou, Burkina Faso.” PhD Thesis. New York: New York Univ., Department of Anthropology. (1997)
Bisschoff, Lizelle (2009). “Sub-Saharan African Cinema in the Context of FESPACO: Close-Ups on Francophone West Africa and Anglophone South Africa.” Forum for Modern Language Studies 45:4 (2009): 441–454.
Diawara, Manthia (2010). “Ouagadougou.” African Film: New Forms of Aesthetics and Politics. München: Prestel. pp. 18–70.
Diawara, Manthia (1994). “On Tracking World Cinema: African Cinema at Film Festivals.” Public Culture 6:2 (1994): 385–396.
Diawara, Manthia (1993). “New York and Ouagadougou: The Homes of African Cinema.” Sight & Sound 3:11 (1993): 24–26.
Dovey, Lindiwe (2010). “Directors’ Cut: In Defence of African Film Festivals outside Africa.” Film Festival Yearbook 2: Film Festivals and Imagined Communities. Eds. Dina Iordanova, and Ruby Cheung. St. Andrews: St. Andrews Film Studies. pp. 45–73.
Dovey, Lindiwe (2010). “Table 1: African Film Festivals.” Film Festival Yearbook 2: Film Festivals and Imagined Communities. Eds. Dina Iordanova, and Ruby Cheung. St. Andrews: St. Andrews Film Studies. pp. 266–267.
Ecrans d’Afrique 7 (1994). “Dossier: Cinéma Africain et Festival.” | “African Cinema and Festivals.” (bilingual) pp. 47–57. <http://www.africine.org/?menu=ecransafr&no=7> (10 Nov. 2009)
Ecrans d’Afrique 8 (1994). “Dossier: Le Cinéma Africain et les Festivals (2).” | “African Cinema and Festivals (2).” (bilingual) pp. 47–60. <http://www.africine.org/?menu=ecransafr&no=8> (10 Nov. 2009)
English, James F. (2011). “Festivals and the Geography of Culture: African Cinema in the ‘World Space’ of its Public.” Festivals and the Cultural Public Sphere. Eds. Liana Giorgi, Monica Sassatelli, and Gerard Delanty. Abingdon, New York: Routledge. pp. 63–78.
Kanyinda, Balufu Bakuba (1994). “Les Cinéastes Jugent les Festivals.” | “Filmmakers Judge the Festivals.” (bilingual) Ecrans d’Afrique 8 (1994): 48. <http://www.africine.org/?menu=ecransafr&no=8>. (4 Nov. 2009)
Mhando, Martin R., and Laurian Kipeja (2010). “Creative/Cultural Industries Financing in Africa: A Tanzanian Film Value Chain Study.” Journal of African Cinemas 2:1 (2010): 3–25.
Ruoff, Jeffrey (2008). “Ten Nights in Tunisia: Les Journées Cinématographiques de Carthage.” Film International 6:4 (2008): 43–51.
Sakbollé (1994). “Un Seul Slogan: Moins d’Amateurisme et Plus d’Intégration Festival-distribution!” | “A Single Slogan: Less Amateurism and a Greater Festival-distribution Integration.” (bilingual) Ecrans d’Afrique 7 (1994): 48–49. <http://www.africultures.com/revue_africultures/articles/ecrans_afrique/7/7_46.pdf>. (4 Nov. 2009)
Simanowitz, Stefan, and Isabel Santaolalla (2010). “A Cinematic Refuge in the Desert: The Sahara International Film Festival.” Film Festival Yearbook 2: Film Festivals and Imagined Communities. Eds. Dina Iordanova, and Ruby Cheung. St. Andrews: St. Andrews Film Studies. pp. 136–150.
Slocum, David (2009). “Film and/as Culture: The Use of Cultural Discourses at Two African Festivals.” Film Festival Yearbook 1: The Festival Circuit. Eds. Dina Iordanova, and Ragan Rhyne. St. Andrews: St. Andrews Film Studies. pp. 136–152.
Slocum, David (2003). “Zanzibar International Film Festival 2003.” Senses of Cinema 28 (2003). <http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/festivals/03/28/zanzibar.html>. (4 Nov. 2009)
Turan, Kenneth (2002). “FESPACO.” Sundance to Sarajevo: Film Festivals and the World They Made. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press. pp. 65–80.
(Last updated: 19 August 2011)