{"id":105,"date":"2010-08-04T17:25:44","date_gmt":"2010-08-04T15:25:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/filmfestivalresearch.wordpress.com\/"},"modified":"2025-05-16T16:21:07","modified_gmt":"2025-05-16T14:21:07","slug":"1-2-political-aspects-of-film-festivals-history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/ffrn-bibliography\/1-film-festivals-the-long-view\/1-2-political-aspects-of-film-festivals-history\/","title":{"rendered":"1.2 Political Aspects of Film Festivals (History)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Our understanding of today&#8217;s film festivals and the contemporary international film festival circuit is tied to our knowledge of festival histories. Geopolitical interests held the first wave of (European) film festivals in a tight grip until the mid-1960s. The articles and books in this subcategory analyze certain parts of festival history in detail, such as the Fascist influence over the Venice Film Festival in the late 1930s (De Valck 2007, section 1.1), the Cold War agenda of the Berlin Film Festival (Fehrenbach 1995) and politically informed (programming) practices in Eastern Europe (Iordanova 2006; Karl 2007; K\u00f6tzing 2007a, b; Moine 2007). Although political agendas are discussed as powerful forces driving and shaping festivals, they are also shown to intersect with cultural objectives, economic interests and specific (inter)national historical circumstances. Other studies in this bibliography often also include historical passages or allusions to the formative role national legitimization played in the emergence of film festivals (Kuhlbrodt 2005, section 6.1). Attention has been devoted to the study of festivals as counter-public sphere, in particular for specific communities (see sections 9.1, 9.1.1, and 9.1.2 on queer and women&#8217;s film festivals). Finally, the question of political interventions is addressed in studies dealing with specific national cinemas. For example, censorship is central to the discussion of Iranian cinema by Azadeh Farahmand (2002, section 6.4).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/ffrn-bibliography\/1-film-festivals-the-long-view\/1-2-political-aspects-of-film-festivals-history\/1-2-1-film-festivals-facing-crises\/\">1.2.1 Film Festival facing crises<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/ffrn-bibliography\/1-film-festivals-the-long-view\/1-2-political-aspects-of-film-festivals-history\/1-2-1-film-festivals-facing-crises\/1-2-1-1-covid-19\/\">1.2.1.1 Covid-19<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/ffrn-bibliography\/1-film-festivals-the-long-view\/1-2-political-aspects-of-film-festivals-history\/1-2-1-film-festivals-facing-crises\/1-2-1-2-war-and-conflict\/\">12.1.2 War and conflict<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/ffrn-bibliography\/1-film-festivals-the-long-view\/1-2-political-aspects-of-film-festivals-history\/1-2-2-cold-war\/\">1.2.2 Cold War<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/ffrn-bibliography\/1-film-festivals-the-long-view\/1-2-political-aspects-of-film-festivals-history\/1-2-3-cultural-diplomacy\/\">1.2.3 Cultural Diplomacy<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/ffrn-bibliography\/1-film-festivals-the-long-view\/1-2-political-aspects-of-film-festivals-history\/1-2-4-decolonizing-film-festivals\/\">1.2.4 Decolonizing Film Festivals<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Altunbulak, Aylin. 2021. \u201cReimagining Queer Film Festival as a Counterpublic Space: A Case Study of Turkey\u2019s Pink Life Queerfest.\u201d <i>Ekphrasis<\/i> 25 (1): 143\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24193\/ekphrasis.25.10.<\/p>\n<p>Anton, Halina. 2008. \u201cDie Auswirkungen der DEFA-Filmtage auf die Stadt und den F\u00f6rderverein Kino V\u00f6lkerfreundschaft e.V.\u201d In <i>Die Traumfabrik von gestern: Merseburger DEFA-Filmtage<\/i>, edited by Ren\u00e9 Beyer and Alfred G. Frei, 53\u201364. Halle: Projekte.<\/p>\n<p>Archibald, David, and Mitchell Miller. 2011. \u201cFrom Rennes to Toronto: Anatomy of a Boycott.\u201d <i>Screen<\/i> 52 (2): 274\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/screen\/hjr015.<\/p>\n<p>Armstrong, Kathryn. 2021. \u201cVirtual Visibility and the Film Festival Circuit.\u201d <i>Afterimage<\/i> 48 (1): 10\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/aft.2021.48.1.10.<\/p>\n<p>Barrow, Sarah. 2016. \u201cConstraints and Possibilities: Lima Film Festival, Politics and Cultural Formation in Peru.\u201d <i>New Review of Film and Television Studies<\/i> 14 (1): 132\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17400309.2015.1109354.<\/p>\n<p>Batan\u010dev, Dragan. 2017. \u201cThe Belgrade FEST, or What Happened When Peckinpah Met Wajda.\u201d In <i>Cultural Transfer and Political Conflicts: Film Festivals in the Cold War<\/i>, edited by Andreas K\u00f6tzing and Caroline Moine, 153\u201366. G\u00f6ttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht; V&amp;R unipress.<\/p>\n<p>Battaglia, Giulia. 2020. \u201cThe Development of Documentary Film Festivals in India: A Small-Media Phenomenon.\u201d In <i>Documentary Film Festivals Vol. 1: Methods, History, Politics<\/i>, edited by Aida Vallejo and Ezra Winton, 221\u201339. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.<\/p>\n<p>Bl\u00e1hov\u00e1, Jind\u0159i\u0161ka, ed. 2014. \u201cFilmove Festivaly | Film Festivals.\u201d Special issue, <i>Iluminace<\/i> 26, no. 1.<\/p>\n<p><i>Spur Der B\u00e4ren: 60 Jahre Berlinale<\/i>. 94 min, 2010.<\/p>\n<p>Brinkmann, Jens. 2011. \u201cDas Internationale Forum Des Jungen Films: Vom &#8216;Anti-Festival&#8217; Zur Profiliertesten Sektion Der Berlinale.\u201d <i>Zeitgeschichte-online<\/i>, August 2011. https:\/\/zeitgeschichte-online.de\/film\/das-internationale-forum-des-jungen-films.<\/p>\n<p>Bruch, Anne. 2017. \u201c&#8217;Just Think of the Possibilities of Dissemination\u2026&#8217;: The Film Festival Policy of the European Institutions in the 1950s and 1960s.\u201d In <i>Cultural Transfer and Political Conflicts: Film Festivals in the Cold War<\/i>, edited by Andreas K\u00f6tzing and Caroline Moine, 79\u201390. G\u00f6ttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht; V&amp;R unipress.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2mara, Regina. 2017. \u201cFrom Karlovy Vary to Cannes: Brazilian Cinema Novo at European Film Festivals in the 1960s.\u201d In <i>Cultural Transfer and Political Conflicts: Film Festivals in the Cold War<\/i>, edited by Andreas K\u00f6tzing and Caroline Moine, 63\u201377. G\u00f6ttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht; V&amp;R unipress.<\/p>\n<p>Canova, Gianni. 2013. \u201cAnche I Leoni Invecchiano, Anche Le Palme Ingialliscono.\u201d [\u201cEven lions get old, even palms become yellow\u2026\u201d]. <i>8 1\/2 &#8211; Numeri, visioni e prospettive del cinema italiano <\/i>(2): 4\u20135.<\/p>\n<p>Canova, Gianni. 2013. \u201cEditoriale: Porsi Le Domande Giuste Anche Quando Non Piacciono.\u201d [\u201cEditorial. Asking the right questions even when you don\u2019t like them.\u201d]. <i>8 1\/2 -Numeri, visioni e prospettive del cinema italiano <\/i>(2): 1.<\/p>\n<p>Canova, Gianni. 2013. \u201cServono Ancora a Qualcosa I Festival Del Cinema? [&#8220;Are Film Festivals Still Necessary?&#8221;].\u201d <i>8 1\/2 -Numeri, visioni e prospettive del cinema italiano <\/i>(2). http:\/\/www.8-mezzo.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/2_2013.pdf. Accessed March 26, 2020.<\/p>\n<p>Canova, Gianni. 2013. \u201cViale del tramonto.\u201d [\u201cSunset Bulevard\u201d]. <i>8 1\/2 &#8211; Numeri, visioni e prospettive del cinema italiano <\/i>(2): 6.<\/p>\n<p>Carvalho, Gra\u00e7a F\u00e1tima Pires de. 2002. <i>Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o Hist\u00f3rica Dos Festivais De Cinema E V\u00eddeo No Maranh\u00e3o. <\/i>S\u00e3o Luis: UFMA. [Historical Evolution of Film and Video Festivals in Maranh\u00e3o].<\/p>\n<p>Casini, Silvia, Paolo Magaudda, and Federico Neresini. 2024. \u201cCommunicating Science Through Films: The Case of the International Festival of Scientific and Educational Film (1956-1975).\u201d <i>Science as Culture<\/i> 34 (1): 89\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09505431.2024.2375208.<\/p>\n<p>Cazzaro, Davide, and Darcy Paquet. 2015. <i>BIFF X BIFF. <\/i>Busan: Busan International Film Festival. Foreword by Lee Chang-dong.<\/p>\n<p>Chamberlain, Rose. 2009. \u201cFilm Festivals: Showing Our True Value.\u201d <i>Film &amp; Festival <\/i>(13): 18. http:\/\/content.yudu.com\/Library\/A17x6w\/FilmFestivalsIssue13\/resources\/index.htm. Accessed June 13, 2009.<\/p>\n<p>Cheung, Ruby. 2016. \u201cEver-Changing Readjustments: The Political Economy of the Hong Kong International Film Festival (HKIFF).\u201d <i>New Review of Film and Television Studies<\/i> 14 (1): 59\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17400309.2015.1107268.<\/p>\n<p>Cordoba, Cyril. 2022. \u201cBetween Politics and Economics: The Locarno Film Festival from Tourism to Cinephilia (1946-1972).\u201d <i>Cinergie<\/i> 11 (22): 41\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2280-9481\/14350.<\/p>\n<p>Cruz Melo, Izabel. \u201cJornada Internacional De Cinema Da Bahia: Espa\u00e7o De Reflex\u00e3o E Resist\u00eancia (1972-1975).\u201d [International Film Journey of Bahia: space for reflection and resistance (1972-1975)]. <i>O Olhoda Historia<\/i> 2004: 1\u20138.<\/p>\n<p>Cruz Melo, Izabel. 2008. \u201cHist\u00f3ria, Cinema E Pr\u00e1tica Social: Jornadas De Cinema Da Bahia (1972-1978).\u201d [History, Cinema and Social Practice: Jornadas de Cinema da Bahia (1972-1978)].<\/p>\n<p>Damiens, Antoine. 2023. \u201cFestivals, Covid-19, and the Crisis of Archiving.\u201d In <i>Rethinking Film Festivals in the Pandemic Era and After<\/i>, edited by Marijke de Valck and Antoine Damiens, 291\u2013305. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.<\/p>\n<p>de Valck, Marijke, and Ger Zielinski. 2023. \u201cGreening Film Festivals.\u201d In <i>Rethinking Film Festivals in the Pandemic Era and After<\/i>, edited by Marijke de Valck and Antoine Damiens, 307\u201328. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.<\/p>\n<p>de Witt, Helen, Maria M. Delgado, Aduke King, Sarah Lutton, and Leigh Singer. 2022. \u201cSixteen Things We Learned About Programming for Film Festivals Under COVID.\u201d <i>Contemporary Theatre Review<\/i> 32 (3-4): 305\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10486801.2022.2119225.<\/p>\n<p>DeRoo, Rebecca J. 2021. \u201cAgn\u00e8s Varda and Le Collectif 50\/50 En 2020: Power and Protest at the Cannes Film Festival.\u201d <i>Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies<\/i> 36 (1): 127\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/02705346-8838577.<\/p>\n<p>Di Chiara, Francesco, and Valentina Re. 2011. \u201cFilm Festival\/Film History: The Impact of Film Festivals on Cinema Historiography. Il Cinema Ritrovato and Beyond.\u201d <i>Cin\u00e9mas<\/i> 21 (2-3): 131\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7202\/1005587ar.<\/p>\n<p>Djagalov, Rossen, and Masha Salazkina. 2016. \u201cTashkent \u201968: A Cinematic Contact Zone.\u201d <i>Slavic Review<\/i> 75 (2): 279\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5612\/slavicreview.75.2.279.<\/p>\n<p>Dongiovanni, Francesco. 2024. \u201cIl Nuovo Cinema E Il Problema Della Distribuzione: L\u2019ipotesi Di Pesaro Nei Convegni \u201965-\u201867.\u201d [The New Cinema and the Distribution Dilemma: The Hypothesis of the Pesaro Mostra Internazionale del Cinema Nuovo in the 1965-1967 Conferences]. <i>Cinergie<\/i> 13:173\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2280-9481\/18183.<\/p>\n<p>Ebbrecht-Hartmann, Tobias. 2017. \u201cSocialist Competition or Window to the World? East German Student Films at International Festivals in the Context of the Cold War.\u201d In <i>Cultural Transfer and Political Conflicts: Film Festivals in the Cold War<\/i>, edited by Andreas K\u00f6tzing and Caroline Moine, 15\u201329. G\u00f6ttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht; V&amp;R unipress.<\/p>\n<p>Edemen, Fatma. 2024. \u201cNation, film et festival transnationaux: Les festivals de films kurdes en Europe et la d\u00e9finition du cin\u00e9ma kurde.\u201d [Transnational Nation, Film and Festival: Kurdish Film Festivals in Europe on Defining the Kurdish Cinema]. In <i>Festivals et dynamiques cin\u00e9matographiques transnationales<\/i>, edited by Amanda Rueda, 217\u201335. Champs visuels. Paris: L&#8217;Harmattan.<\/p>\n<p>Fehrenbach, Heide. 1995. \u201cMass Culture and Cold War Politics: The Berlin Film Festival of the 1950s.\u201d In <i>Cinema in Democratizing Germany: Reconstructing National Identity After Hitler<\/i>, 234\u201353. Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. of North Carolina Press.<\/p>\n<p>Fehrenbach, Heide. 2020. \u201cThe Berlin International Film Festival: Between Cold War Politics and Postwar Reorientation.\u201d <i>Studies in European Cinema<\/i> 17 (2): 81\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17411548.2019.1631533.<\/p>\n<p>Fenwick, James. 2021. \u201cUrban Regeneration and Stakeholder Dynamics in the Formation, Growth and Maintenance of the Sheffield International Documentary Festival in the 1990s.\u201d <i>Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television<\/i> 41 (4): 838\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01439685.2021.1922035.<\/p>\n<p>Formenti, Cristina, Francesco Pitassio, and Sara Sampietro. 2022. \u201c\u201cWhat Am I Doing Here?\u201d: Film Festivals, Awards Shows, and Stars During the COVID-19 Emergency.\u201d Cinergie \u2013 Il Cinema e le altre Arti, no. 21: 21\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2280-9481\/14491.<\/p>\n<p>Frost, Jennifer. 2023. \u201cCinema as Cultural Diplomacy and the Cold War: U.S. Participation in International Film Festivals Behind the Iron Curtain, 1959-1971.\u201d <i>Journal of Cold War Studies<\/i> 25 (1): 75\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jcws_a_01122.<\/p>\n<p>Gallinari, Pauline. 2007. \u201cL\u2019URSS au festival de Cannes 1946-1958: un enjeu des relations franco-sovi\u00e9tiques \u00e0 l\u2019heure de la \u00ab guerre froide \u00bb.\u201d [The USSR at the Cannes Film Festival 1946-1958: a challenge for Franco-Soviet relations during the &#8220;Cold War&#8221;]. <i>1895 <\/i>(51): 23\u201343.<\/p>\n<p>Garcia Rivas, Carlos Daniel. 2020. \u201cEstrategias de vigilancia policial en el Festival Internacional de Cine de Mar del Plata entre 1959 y 1960.\u201d In \u201cFestivales De Cine En Am\u00e9rica Latina: Historias Y Nuevas Perspectivas.\u201d: <i>Historias Y Nuevas Perspectivas<\/i> [Film Festivals in Latin America: Histories and New Perspectives], edited by Maria P. Peirano and Aida Vallejo. Special issue, <i>Comunicaci\u00f3n y Medios<\/i> 29. (42): 85-95. [Police Surveillance Strategies at the Mar del Plata Film Festival between 1959 and 1960]. https:\/\/revistaestudiosarabes.uchile.cl\/index.php\/RCM\/article\/view\/57282\/64244.<\/p>\n<p>Garcia Rivas, Carlos Daniel. 2020. \u201cPolice Surveillance Strategies at the Mar Del Plata Film Festival Between 1959 and 1960.\u201d In \u201cFestivales De Cine En Am\u00e9rica Latina: Historias Y Nuevas Perspectivas.\u201d: <i>Historias Y Nuevas Perspectivas<\/i> [Film Festivals in Latin America: Histories and New Perspectives], edited by Maria P. Peirano and Aida Vallejo. Special issue, <i>Comunicaci\u00f3n y Medios<\/i> 29. (42): 83-93. Accessed January 09, 2022. https:\/\/revistaestudiosarabes.uchile.cl\/index.php\/RCM\/article\/view\/57282\/68414.<\/p>\n<p>Gimello-Mesplomb, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric. 2014. <i>Objectif 49: Cocteau et la nouvelle avant-garde. <\/i>Paris: S\u00e9guier. [Objectife 49: Cocteau and the new avant-garde].<\/p>\n<p>Gimello-Mesplomb, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric, and Loredana Latil. 2003. \u201cUne politique de cin\u00e9ma: La s\u00e9lection fran\u00e7aise pour Cannes.\u201d [A film policy: The French selection for Cannes]. <i>Prot\u00e9e<\/i> 31 (2): 17\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7202\/008750ar.<\/p>\n<p>G\u0153tschel, Pascale, and Patricia Hidiroglou. 2013. \u201cIntroduction: Le festival, objet d\u2019histoire.\u201d [Introduction: The festival, object of history]. In <i>Une histoire des festivals: XXe-XXIe si\u00e8cle<\/i>, edited by Ana\u00efs Fl\u00e9chet, Pascale G\u0153tschel, Patricia Hidiroglou, Sophie Jacotot, Caroline Moine, and Julie Verlaine, 7\u201315. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.<\/p>\n<p>Gonz\u00e1lez Zarandona, Jos\u00e9 Antonio. 2016. \u201cMaking Heritage at the Cannes Film Festival.\u201d <i>International Journal of Heritage Studies<\/i> 22 (10): 781\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13527258.2016.1212388.<\/p>\n<p>Gourmelen, Arnaud, and Ralph Eue. 2010. \u201cDie Stunde Null der Cinephilie: Das Festival du Film Maudit (1949) und das Rendez-Vous de Biarritz (1950).\u201d <i>RFF <\/i>(7+8): 58\u201371.<\/p>\n<p>Gregor, Ulrich. 2008. \u201cFilmfestival-Chronik des Jahres 1968: Berlin, Cannes, Venedig, Knokke.\u201d <i>RFF <\/i>(3): 36\u201338.<\/p>\n<p>Haase, J\u00fcrgen, ed. 2010. <i>Zwischen uns die Mauer: DEFA-Filme auf der Berlinale. <\/i>Berlin: Be.bra \/ Edition Q.<\/p>\n<p>Hagener, Malte. 2014. \u201cInstitutions of Film Culture: Festivals and Archives as Network Nodes.\u201d In <i>The Emergence of Film Culture: Knowledge Production, Institution Building, and the Fate of the Avant-Garde in Europe, 1919-1945<\/i>, edited by Malte Hagener, 283\u2013305. New York: Berghahn.<\/p>\n<p>Iordanova, Dina. 2006. \u201cShowdown of the Festivals: Clashing Entrepreneurships and Post-Communist Management of Culture.\u201d <i>Film International<\/i> 4 (5): 25\u201337.<\/p>\n<p>Ji\u0159i\u0161t\u011b, Jakub. 2014. \u201cIluzorn\u00ed Obrodn\u00fd Proces Karlovarsk\u00e9ho Filmov\u00e9ho Festivalu: XVI. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed Festival Karlovy Vary (1968) V Reflexi Dobov\u00e9ho Tisku.\u201d In \u201cFilmove Festivaly | Film Festivals.\u201d edited by Jind\u0159i\u0161ka Bl\u00e1hov\u00e1. Special issue, <i>Iluminace: \u010dasopis pro teorii, historii a estetiku filmu = Journal for Film Theory, History, and Aesthetics<\/i> 26. (1): 9\u201337. [The Illusive Revival Process of the Karlovy Vary Film Festival. A Reflection on the 16th Karlovy Vary Film Festival (1968) in the Period Press.].<\/p>\n<p>Karl, Lars. 2007. \u201cZwischen politischem Ritual und kulturellem Dialog: Die Moskauer Internationalen Filmfestspiele im Kalten Krieg 1959-1971.\u201d In <i>Leinwand zwischen Tauwetter und Frost: Der osteurop\u00e4ische Spiel- und Dokumentarfilm im Kalten Krieg<\/i>, edited by Lars Karl, 279\u201398. Berlin: Metropol-Verl.<\/p>\n<p>Kokotovi\u0107, Sima. 2022. \u201cThe Subversive Film Festival as a Field of Resonance.\u201d <i>Screen<\/i> 63 (4): 515\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/screen\/hjac043.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00f6tzing, Andreas. 2007. \u201cFilmfestivals als historische Quelle.\u201d <i>Deutschland Archiv<\/i> 41 (4): 693\u201399.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00f6tzing, Andreas. 2007. \u201cZeigen oder nicht zeigen? Das &#8216;Prinzip der Selbstnominierung&#8217; sozialistischer Filme auf der Leipziger Dokumentarfilmwoche.\u201d In <i>Leinwand zwischen Tauwetter und Frost: Der osteurop\u00e4ische Spiel- und Dokumentarfilm im Kalten Krieg<\/i>, edited by Lars Karl, 299\u2013316. Berlin: Metropol-Verl.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00f6tzing, Andreas. 2013. <i>Kultur- und Filmpolitik im Kalten Krieg: Die Filmfestivals von Leipzig und Oberhausen in gesamtdeutscher Perspektive, 1954-1972. <\/i>G\u00f6ttingen: Wallstein.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00f6tzing, Andreas. 2013. \u201cKultur- und Filmpolitik im Kalten Krieg: Die Filmfestivals von Oberhausen und Leipzig und die deutsch-deutschen Beziehungen.\u201d In <i>Asymmetrisch verflochten? Neue Forschungen zur gesamtdeutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte<\/i>, edited by Detlev Brunner, Udo Grashoff, and Andreas K\u00f6tzing, 77\u201393. Berlin: Ch.Links.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00f6tzing, Andreas. 2013. \u201cProvozierte Konflikte: Der Club der Filmschaffenden und die Beteiligung der DEFA an der Mannheimer Filmwoche 1959\/60.\u201d In <i>DEFA international: Grenz\u00fcberschreitende Filmbeziehungen vor und nach dem Mauerbau<\/i>, edited by Michael Wedel, Barton Byg, Andy R\u00e4der, Skyler Arndt-Briggs, and Evan Torner, 369\u201384. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00f6tzing, Andreas. 2017. \u201cCultural and Film Policy in the Cold War: The Film Festivals of Oberhausen and Leipzig and German-German Relations.\u201d In <i>Cultural Transfer and Political Conflicts: Film Festivals in the Cold War<\/i>, edited by Andreas K\u00f6tzing and Caroline Moine, 31\u201346. G\u00f6ttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht; V&amp;R unipress.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00f6tzing, Andreas, and Caroline Moine, eds. 2017. <i>Cultural Transfer and Political Conflicts: Film Festivals in the Cold War. <\/i>G\u00f6ttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht; V&amp;R unipress.<\/p>\n<p>Lee, Sangjoon. 2014. \u201cThe Emergence of the Asian Film Festival: Cold War Asia and Japan\u2019s Reentrance to the Regional Film Industry in the 1950s.\u201d In <i>The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Cinema<\/i>, edited by Daisuke Miyao, 226\u201344. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Loist, Skadi. 2014. \u201cCultural Transfer and Political Conflicts. Film Festivals During the Cold War: 09.05.2014-10.05.2014, Leipzig.\u201d Conference report. <i>H-Soz-Kult<\/i>, September 11, 2014. http:\/\/hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de\/tagungsberichte\/id=5533.<\/p>\n<p>Louis, St\u00e9phanie. 2018. \u201cScreens for Historical Awareness: Festivals and the Patrimonialization of Film Art in France Before 1968.\u201d In <i>International Film Festivals: Contemporary Cultures and History Beyond Venice and Cannes<\/i>, edited by Tricia Jenkins, 132\u201352. London, New York: I.B.Tauris.<\/p>\n<p>Loukopoulou, Katerina. 2007. \u201c&#8217;Films Bring Art to the People&#8217;: The Art Film Tour in Britain (1950\u20131980).\u201d <i>Film History: An International Journal<\/i> 19 (4): 414\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/fih.2008.0009.<\/p>\n<p>Ma, Ran. 2016. \u201cA Genealogy of Film Festivals in the People\u2019s Republic of China: \u2018Film Weeks\u2019 During the \u2018Seventeen Years\u2019 (1949\u20131966).\u201d <i>New Review of Film and Television Studies<\/i> 14 (1): 40\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17400309.2015.1107266.<\/p>\n<p>Manetti, Daniela. 2013. \u201cThe Birth and Early Years of a Mega Event: The Venice International Film Festival (1932-1939).\u201d <i>Citta e Storia<\/i> 8 (1): 107\u201336.<\/p>\n<p>Moine, Caroline. 2005. \u201c&#8217;Le fascisme ordinaire&#8217; de Mikha\u00efl Romm au festival de Leipzig (1965).\u201d In <i>Cam\u00e9ra Politique: Cin\u00e9ma Et Stalinisme<\/i>, edited by Kristian Feigelson, 228\u201339. Theorem 8. Paris: Presse Sorbonne nouvelle. [Mikhail Romm&#8217;s &#8216;Ordinary Fascism&#8217; at the Leipzig Festival (1965)].<\/p>\n<p>Moine, Caroline. 2007. \u201cBlicke \u00fcber den Eisernen Vorhang: Die internationalen Filmfestivals im Kalten Krieg 1945-1968.\u201d In <i>Leinwand zwischen Tauwetter und Frost: Der osteurop\u00e4ische Spiel- und Dokumentarfilm im Kalten Krieg<\/i>, edited by Lars Karl, 255\u201378. Berlin: Metropol-Verl.<\/p>\n<p>Moine, Caroline. 2009. \u201cUne Allemagne malgr\u00e9 tout? Le festival international du film documentaire de Leipzig, 1955-1990.\u201d In <i>Une Europe malgr\u00e9 tout, 1945-1990: Contacts et r\u00e9seaux culturels, intellectuels et scientifiques entre Europ\u00e9ens dans la guerre froide | Cultural, lntellectual and Scientific Contacts and Networks among Europeans during the Cold War | Kulturelle, intellektuelle und wissenschaftliche Kontakte und Netze unter Europ\u00e4ern im Kalten Kriege<\/i>, edited by Antoine Fleury and Lubor J\u00edlek, 297\u2013316. Bruxelles, Berlin, Frankfurt\/M: P.I.E. Peter Lang. [A Germany after all? The Leipzig International Documentary Film Festival, 1955-1990.&#8221; A Europe in spite of everything, 1945-1990: Cultural, intellectual and scientific contacts and networks between Europeans in the Cold War].<\/p>\n<p>Moine, Caroline. 2011. \u201cLa FIAPF, une F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de Producteurs au coeur des relations internationales apr\u00e8s 1945.\u201d In <i>Les producteurs: Enjeux cr\u00e9atifs, enjeux financiers<\/i>, edited by Laurent Creton, Yannick Deh\u00e9e, S\u00e9bastien Layerle, and Caroline Moine, 249\u201366. Paris: Nouveau monde. [The FIAPF, a Federation of Film Producers at the Heart of International Relations after 1945].<\/p>\n<p>Moine, Caroline. 2012. \u201cFestivals de cin\u00e9ma et politiques culturelles dans l&#8217;Europe de la guerre froide: diversit\u00e9 des enjeux et des acteurs.\u201d [Film festivals and cultural policies in Europe during the Cold War: diversity of issues and actors.]. <i>Territoires contemporains <\/i>(3). http:\/\/tristan.u-bourgogne.fr\/CGC\/publications\/Festivals_societes\/C_Moine.html. Accessed April 06, 2020.<\/p>\n<p>Moine, Caroline. 2014. <i>Cin\u00e9ma et guerre froide: Histoire du festival de films documentaires de Leipzig (1955-1990). <\/i>Histoire contemporaine. Paris: Publications Sorbonne. [Cinema and Cold War: History of the Leipzig Documentary Film Festival (1955-1990)].<\/p>\n<p>Moine, Caroline. 2014. \u201cZ Cannes P\u0159es Karlovy Vary Do Z\u00e1padn\u00edho Berl\u00edna a Ben\u00e1tek: Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed Filmov\u00e9 Festivaly V Bou\u0159liv\u00e9m Roce 1968.\u201d In \u201cFilmove Festivaly | Film Festivals.\u201d edited by Jind\u0159i\u0161ka Bl\u00e1hov\u00e1. Special issue, <i>Iluminace: \u010dasopis pro teorii, historii a estetiku filmu = Journal for Film Theory, History, and Aesthetics<\/i> 26. (1): 39\u201348. [From Karlovy Vary to West Berlin and Venice. International Film Festivals in the Turbulent Year of 1968].<\/p>\n<p>Morante, Adriana. 2024. \u201cDall\u2019invisibile Al Visibile: Mappatura Dei Proto-Festival Omosessuali Tra Anni Settanta E Ottanta.\u201d [From the Invisible to the Visible: Mapping Homosexual Proto\u2013Festival from Seventies to Eighties]. <i>Cinergie \u2013 Il Cinema e le altre Arti<\/i> 26:135\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2280-9481\/19466.<\/p>\n<p>Niskanen, Eija. 2020. \u201cFinding a Position on the Global Map of Film Festivals: The Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival.\u201d In <i>Documentary Film Festivals Vol. 1: Methods, History, Politics<\/i>, edited by Aida Vallejo and Ezra Winton, 143\u201363. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.<\/p>\n<p>Odabasi, Eren. 2016. \u201cGezici Festival: Multiple Identities of a Traveling Film Festival in Turkey.\u201d <i>New Review of Film and Television Studies<\/i> 14 (1): 149\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17400309.2015.1110881.<\/p>\n<p>Oliveira, Janaina Perreira de. 2016. \u201cDescolonizando Telas: O FESPACO E Os Primeiros Tempos Do Cinema Africano.\u201d [Decolonising Screens: FESPACO and the Early Days of African Cinema]. <i>ODEERE<\/i> 1 (1): 50-74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22481\/odeere.v0i1.1533.<\/p>\n<p>Ostrowska, Dorota. 2014. \u201cPolish Films at the Venice and Cannes Film Festivals: The 1940s, 1950s and 1960s.\u201d In <i>Polish Cinema in a Transnational Context<\/i>, edited by Ewa Mazierska and Michael Goddard, 77\u201394. 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Accessed June 21, 2021.<\/p>\n<p>Pabi\u015b-Orzeszyna, Micha\u0142. 2015. \u201cConflict Management: The Camerimage Festival and the Dialectics of Prestige.\u201d <i>Iluminace<\/i> 27 (3): 7\u201322.<\/p>\n<p>Papadimitriou, Lydia. 2016. \u201cThe Hindered Drive Toward Internationalization: Thessaloniki (International) Film Festival.\u201d <i>New Review of Film and Television Studies<\/i> 14 (1): 93\u2013111.<\/p>\n<p>Papadimitriou, Lydia, and Jeffrey Ruoff. 2016. \u201cFilm Festivals: Origins and Trajectories.\u201d <i>New Review of Film and Television Studies<\/i> 14 (1): 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17400309.2015.1106686.<\/p>\n<p>Peirano, Mar\u00eda Paz. 2016. \u201cPursuing, Resembling, and Contesting the Global: The Emergence of Chilean Film Festivals.\u201d <i>New Review of Film and Television Studies<\/i> 14 (1): 112\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17400309.2015.1109345.<\/p>\n<p>Peralta Garc\u00eda, Lidia, and Lhoussain Simour, eds. 2025. <i>Migration Film Festivals: Social Functions, Expectations and Challenges. <\/i>Framing Film Festivals. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan Cham.<\/p>\n<p>Pisu, Stefano. 2013. \u201cLes festivals internationaux de cin\u00e9ma dans l\u2019URSS du second stalinisme, ou br\u00e8ves histoires de contre-festivals &#8216;fant\u00f4mes&#8217;.\u201d In <i>Une histoire des festivals: XXe-XXIe si\u00e8cle<\/i>, edited by Ana\u00efs Fl\u00e9chet, Pascale G\u0153tschel, Patricia Hidiroglou, Sophie Jacotot, Caroline Moine, and Julie Verlaine, 55\u201362. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne. [International film festivals in the USSR of Second Stalinism, or short stories of &#8216;ghost&#8217; counter-festivals].<\/p>\n<p>Pisu, Stefano. 2013. <i>Stalin a Venezia: L&#8217;Urss alla Mostra del cinema fra diplomazia culturale e scontro ideologico (1932-1953). <\/i>Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino. [Stalin in Venice: The USSR at the Venice Film Festival between cultural diplomacy and ideological clash (1932-1953)].<\/p>\n<p>Pisu, Stefano. 2013. \u201cThe USSR and East-Central European Countries at the Venice International Film Festival (1946\u20131953).\u201d <i>Iluminace<\/i> 25 (3): 51\u201363.<\/p>\n<p>Pisu, Stefano. 2014. \u201cPrestigio de la naci\u00f3n vs mirada deconstruyente: las im\u00e1genes de Italia en el Festival Internacional de Cine de Venecia desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundia hasta el \u201cmilagro econ\u00f3mico [Nation\u2019s Prestige vs Deconstructive Gaze: The Images of Italy since the End of the Second World War until the \u201cEconomic Miracle\u201d].\u201d In \u201cFestivales Cinematogr\u00e1ficos [Film Festivals].\u201d edited by Aida Vallejo. Special issue, <i>Secuencias: Revista de Historia del Cine. (<\/i>39): 43\u201364.<\/p>\n<p>Pisu, Stefano. 2017. \u201cTransnational Mobilization and Domestic Political Exploitation: The 1977 Venice Biennale of Dissent.\u201d In <i>Cultural Transfer and Political Conflicts: Film Festivals in the Cold War<\/i>, edited by Andreas K\u00f6tzing and Caroline Moine, 123\u201340. G\u00f6ttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht; V&amp;R unipress.<\/p>\n<p>Pisu, Stefano. 2018. \u201cA Transnational Love\u2013Hate Relationship: The FIAPF and the Venice and Cannes Film Festivals (1950-1970).\u201d In <i>International Film Festivals: Contemporary Cultures and History Beyond Venice and Cannes<\/i>, edited by Tricia Jenkins, 109\u201331. London, New York: I.B.Tauris.<\/p>\n<p>Rae, Ian, and Jessica Thom. 2016. \u201cThe Rise and Fall of the Stratford International Film Festival.\u201d <i>CJFS<\/i> 25 (1): 67\u201387.<\/p>\n<p>Ram\u00edrez Llorens, Fernando. 2019. \u201cCine, Autoritarismo Y Pol\u00edtica De Medios En Argentina: El Festival De Mar Del Plata De 1968.\u201d [Cinema, Authoritarianism and Media Policy in Argentina: The Mar del Plata Film Festival of 1968]. <i>Hist. Crit.<\/i>, no. 72: 139\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7440\/histcrit72.2019.07.<\/p>\n<p>Rasmi, Jacopo. 2022. \u201cHow to Build an Ecosystem for the Non-Fiction Cinema? The History and Politics of Lussas Documentary Film Festival.\u201d <i>Studies in European Cinema<\/i> 19 (3): 252\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17411548.2022.2064160.<\/p>\n<p>Razlogov, Kirill E. 2020. \u201cInternational Film Festivals: From Modernism to Post-Postmodern Age.\u201d <i>The Art and Science of Television (AST)<\/i> 16 (1): 33\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30628\/1994-9529-2020-16.1-33-55.<\/p>\n<p>Razlogova, Elena. 2014. \u201cListening to the Inaudible Foreign: Simultaneous Translators and Soviet Experience of Foreign Cinema.\u201d In <i>Sound, Speech, Music in Soviet and Post-Soviet Cinema<\/i>, edited by Lilya Kaganovsky and Masha Salazkina, 162\u201378. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Ribas, Daniel. 2012. \u201cAnatomia De Um Festival \/ Anatomy of a Festival Curtas Vila Do Conde (1993-2012).\u201d In <i>Puro Cinema: Curtas Vila Do Conde 20 Anos Depois = Pure Cinema: Curtas Vila De Conde 20 Years After<\/i>, edited by Daniel Ribas and Mario Micaelo, 5\u201313. Vila do Conde: Curtas Metragens, CRL.<\/p>\n<p>Rich, B. Ruby. 2018. \u201cFilm Festival, Fall Launch, 2018: The TIFF Edition.\u201d <i>Film Quarterly<\/i> 72 (2): 92\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/fq.2018.72.2.92.<\/p>\n<p>Salti, Rasha. 2020. \u201cDo Not Go Gentle into That Good Night: Film Festivals, Pandemic, Aftermath.\u201d <i>Film Quarterly<\/i> 74 (1): 88\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/fq.2020.74.1.88.<\/p>\n<p>Stassinopoulou, Maria A. 2017. \u201cScenes from a Marriage: The Thessaloniki Film Festival Between Mainstream and Art Cinema from Its Beginnings to the 1970s.\u201d In <i>Cultural Transfer and Political Conflicts: Film Festivals in the Cold War<\/i>, edited by Andreas K\u00f6tzing and Caroline Moine, 109\u201322. G\u00f6ttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht; V&amp;R unipress.<\/p>\n<p>Stein, Gabby. 1997. \u201cCensorship and the Film Festival.\u201d <i>Cinema Papers <\/i>(118): 58\u201359.<\/p>\n<p>Stevens, Kirsten. 2016. \u201cEnthusiastic Amateurs: Australia\u2019s Film Societies and the Birth of Audience-Driven Film Festivals in Post-War Melbourne.\u201d <i>New Review of Film and Television Studies<\/i> 14 (1): 22\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17400309.2015.1106689.<\/p>\n<p>Stone, Maria. 1999. \u201cChallenging Cultural Categories: The Transformation of the Venice Biennale Under Fascism.\u201d <i>Journal of Modern Italian Studies<\/i> 4 (2): 184\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13545719908455006.<\/p>\n<p>Taillibert, Christel. 2014. \u201cFestivales y patrimonio cinematogr\u00e1fico en la era digital: La situaci\u00f3n francesa.\u201d In \u201cFestivales Cinematogr\u00e1ficos [Film Festivals].\u201d edited by Aida Vallejo. 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Accessed June 25, 2021.<\/p>\n<p>Valent, Alexandra. 2018. \u201cKinosterben Und Festival-Boom: Zur Geschichte Zweier Gegenl\u00e4ufiger Ph\u00e4nomene in Wien.\u201d [The Death of Cinema and Festival-Boom. On the History of two Opposing Phenomena in Vienna]. <i>Maske und Kothurn<\/i> 64 (3): 87\u201396.<\/p>\n<p>Vallejo, Aida. 2020. \u201cIntroduction to Part II, Vol. 1: Mapping the History of Documentary Film Festivals.\u201d In <i>Documentary Film Festivals Vol. 1: Methods, History, Politics<\/i>, edited by Aida Vallejo and Ezra Winton, 63\u201375. 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Life Lett.<\/i> 68 (1): 37\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/glal.12067.<\/p>\n<p>Winkler, Daniel. 2007. \u201cEine Stimme F\u00fcr Den Jungen Autorenfilm: Geschichte Und Programmatik Des Festival Internazionale Del Film Di Locarno.\u201d <i>Zibaldone <\/i>(43): 123\u201334.<\/p>\n<p>Winton, Ezra. 2020. \u201cIntroduction to Part III, Vol. 1: Politics and Policies.\u201d In <i>Documentary Film Festivals Vol. 1: Methods, History, Politics<\/i>, edited by Aida Vallejo and Ezra Winton, 167\u201373. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.<\/p>\n<p>Yurtaeva, Yulia. 2017. \u201c&#8217;Jetzt \u2018Festivalt\u2019 Auch Die Television&#8217;: Television Festivals in the 1960s.\u201d In <i>Cultural Transfer and Political Conflicts: Film Festivals in the Cold War<\/i>, edited by Andreas K\u00f6tzing and Caroline Moine, 91\u2013106. G\u00f6ttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht; V&amp;R unipress.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/vg07.met.vgwort.de\/na\/b0599656a7324284ac96f76bde9a9185\" alt=\"\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/>(Last updated:16. May 2025)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Our understanding of today&#8217;s film festivals and the contemporary international film festival circuit is tied to our knowledge of festival histories. Geopolitical interests held the first wave of (European) film festivals in a tight grip until the mid-1960s. The articles &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/ffrn-bibliography\/1-film-festivals-the-long-view\/1-2-political-aspects-of-film-festivals-history\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":57,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-105","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/105","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=105"}],"version-history":[{"count":58,"href":"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/105\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3285,"href":"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/105\/revisions\/3285"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.filmfestivalresearch.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=105"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}